Wednesday, August 19, 2020

PSC MODEL QUESTION ANSWERS๐Ÿ’ฏ


Textbook Based Question Answers (Sound)❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️

1. เดฎเดจുเดท്เดฏเดฐിเตฝ เดถเดฌ്เดฆം เดชുเดฑเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดตിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดคൊเดฃ്เดŸเดฏിเดฒെ เดญാเด—เดฎാเดฃ്? 

✔️ เดฒാเดฐിเด™്‌เดธ്

2. เดถเดฌ്เดฆเดค്เดคെ เด•ുเดฑിเดš്เดšുเดณ്เดณ เดชเด เดจเดฎാเดฃ്? 

✔️ เด†เด•്เด•ുเดธ്เดฑ്เดฑിเด•്เดธ്

3. เดœเดฒเดค്เดคിเดฒൂเดŸെ เด‰เดณ്เดณ เดถเดฌ്เดฆเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดช്เดฐเดตേเด—เดฎാเดฃ്? 

✔️ 1435 m/s

4. เดฎเดจുเดท്เดฏเดจ്เดฑെ เด•ാเดคുเด•เตพเด•്เด•് เด•േเตพเด•്เด•ാเดตുเดจ്เดจ เดเดฑ്เดฑเดตും เดฒോเดฒเดฎാเดฏ เดถเดฌ്เดฆം? 

✔️ 3000Hz

5. 20Hz เตฝ เด•ുเดฑเดตുเดณ്เดณ เดถเดฌ്เดฆ เดคเดฐംเด—เด™്เด™เดณാเดฃ്? 

✔️ เด‡เตปเดซ്เดฐാเดธോเดฃിเด•് 

6. 20, 000HZ เตฝ เด•ൂเดŸുเดคเดฒുเดณ്เดณ เดถเดฌ്เดฆംเดคเดฐംเด—ം? 

✔️ เด…เตพเดŸ്เดฐാเดธോเดฃിเด•് 

7. เดฎเดจുเดท്เดฏเดจ്เดฑെ เดถ്เดฐเดตเดฃ เดชเดฐിเดงി? 

✔️ 20  Hz เดจും 20, 000 Hz เดจും เด‡เดŸเดฏിเตฝ 

8. เด’เดฐു เดธെเด•്เด•เตปเดกിเตฝ เดšെเดฏ്เดฏുเดจ്เดจ เดฆോเดฒเดจเด™്เด™เดณുเดŸെ เดŽเดฃ്เดฃเดฎാเดฃ്? 

✔️ เด†เดตൃเดค്เดคി

9. เดถเดฌ്เดฆเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด†เดตൃเดค്เดคിเดฏുเดŸെ (frequency) เดฏുเดŸെ เดฏൂเดฃിเดฑ്เดฑ്? 

✔️ Hertz

10. เด•േเตพเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดถเดฌ്เดฆเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด•ൂเตผเดฎเดคเดฏാเดฃ്? 

✔️ เดธ്เดฅാเดฏി (pitch)

Wednesday, August 5, 2020

PSC MODEL QUESTION ANSWERS๐Ÿ’ฏ

Textbook Based Question Answers (Metals)❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️❗️

1.เด•ോเดช്เดชเดฑിเดจ്เดฑെ  เดเดค്  เด—ുเดฃเดฎാเดฃ്  เดตൈเดฆ്เดฏുเดค เด•เดฎ്เดชിเด•เดณിเตฝ เดช്เดฐเดฏോเดœเดจเดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคുเดจ്เดจเดค് ?

✔️เดตൈเดฆ്เดฏเดค เดšാเดฒเด•เดค

2.เด…เดฒുเดฎിเดจിเดฏเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เดเดค് เด—ുเดฃเดฎാเดฃ് เดชാเดšเด• เดชാเดค്เดฐเด™്เด™เตพ  เด‰เดฃ്เดŸാเด•്เด•ുเดฎ്เดชോเตพ เด‰เดชเดฏോเด— เดช്เดชെเดŸുเดค്เดคുเดจ്เดจเดค് ?

✔️เดคാเดชเดšാเดฒเด•เดค 

3.เดช്เดฐเด•ൃเดคിเดฆเดค്เดคเดฎാเดฏเดคും  เด–เดจเดจം เดšെเดฏ്เดค് เดŽเดŸുเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจเดคുเดฎാเดฏ เดฎൂเดฒเด•เด™്เด™เตพเด•്เด•ും เด…เดตเดฏുเดŸെ เดธംเดฏുเด•്เดคเด™്เด™เตพเด•്เด•ും เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจ เดชേเดฐെเดจ്เดค് ?

✔️เดงാเดคുเด•്เด•เตพ (Minerals)

4 เดŽเดณുเดช്เดชเดค്เดคിเดฒും  เดฒാเดญเด•เดฐเดฎാเดฏും  เดฒോเดนം เดตേเตผเดคിเดฐിเดš്เดšെเดŸുเด•്เด•ാเตป เดธാเดงിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดงാเดคുเดตിเดจ്‌ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจ เดชേเดฐെเดจ്เดค് ?

✔️เด…เดฏിเดฐ് (Ore)

5.เด…เดฒുเดฎിเดจിเดฏเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดฏിเดฐ് ?

✔️เดฌോเด•്เดธൈเดฑ്เดฑ്

6.เด•ുเดช്เดฐൈเดฑ്เดฑ് เดเดค് เดฒോเดนเดค്เดคിเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดฏിเดฐാเดฃ് ?

✔️เด•ോเดช്เดชเตผ 

7.เดธിเด™്เด•ിเดจ്เดฑെ เด…เดฏിเดฐുเด•เดณേเดต ?

✔️เดธിเด™്เด•് เดฌ്เดฒെเตปเดก്, เด•เดฒാเดฎിเตป

8.เดนേเดฎเดฑ്เดฑเดฏിเดฑ്เดฑ്, เดฎാเด—്เดจเดฑ്เดฑเดฏിเดฑ്เดฑ് เดŽเดจ്เดจിเดตเดฏിเตฝ เดจിเดจ്เดจ് เดตേเตผเดคിเดฐിเดš്เดšെเดŸുเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดฒോเดนം เดเดค് ?

✔️เด‡เดฐുเดฎ്เดช് 

9.เด…เดฏിเดฐിเตฝ เดจിเดจ്เดจ് เดฒോเดนം เดตേเตผเดคിเดฐിเดš്เดšെเดŸുเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดช്เดฐเด•്เดฐിเดฏเด•്เด•് เดฎൊเดค്เดคเดค്เดคിเตฝ เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจ เดชേเดฐ് ?

✔️เดฒോเดนเดจിเดท്เด•เตผเดทเดฃം เด…เดฅเดตാ เดฎെเดฑ്เดฑเดฒเตผเดœി 

10.เดฒോเดนเดจിเตผเดฎാเดฃ เดตേเดณเดฏിเตฝ เด‰เดชเดฏോเด—ിเด•്เด•ുเดจ്เดจ เดเดฑ്เดฑเดตും เดถเด•്เดคിเดฏേเดฑിเดฏ เดจിเดฐോเด•്เดธീเด•ാเดฐി เดเดค് ?

✔️เดตൈเดฆ്เดฏുเดคി 

11.เดคാเดฐเดคเดฎ്เดฏേเดจ เดถുเดฆ്เดงเดฎാเดฏ เดชเดš്เดšിเดฐുเดฎ്เดชിเดจ് เดชเดฑเดฏുเดจ്เดจ เดชേเดฐെเดจ്เดค് ?

✔️เดฑോเดŸ്เดŸ് เด…เดฏเตบ (Wrought Iron)

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Difference between internal and external validity


Difference between internal and external validity


Internal and external validity are concepts that reflect       whether or not the results of a study are trustworthy and meaningful. While internal validity relates to how well a study is conducted (its structure), external validity relates to how applicable the findings are to the real world( (‘Difference Between Internal and External Validity (with Comparison Chart)—Key Differences’, n.d.).


Figure 1.internal and external validity
Internal Validity
Internal validity is the extent to which a study establishes a trust worthy cause and effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome. It also reflects that a given study make it possible to eliminate alternative explanations for a finding.  For example, If you implement a smoking cessation programme with a group of individuals, how sure can you be that any improvement seen in the treatment group is due to the treatment that you administered. In short, you can only be confident that your study is internally valid if you can rule out alternative explanation for your findings.  As a brief summary, you can only assume cause and effect when you meet the following three criteria in your study.
The cause preceded the effect in terms of time.
The cause and effect vary together.
There are no other likely explanations for this relationship that you have observed.
It depends largely on the procedures of a study and how rigorously it performed.
It is not a yes or no type of concept (instead, we consider how confident we can be with the findings of a study, based on whether it avoids traps that may make the findings questionable.)
Factors that improve internal validity includes Randomization, Random selection, Blinding, experimental manipulation, study protocol.
Factors that threaten internal validity confounding, historical events, maturation, testing, instrumentation, attrition, diffusion, experimenter bias
External Validity
External validity refers to how well the outcome of a study can be expected to apply to other settings. In other words, this type of validity refers to how generalizable the findings are.  For instance, do the findings apply to other people, settings, situations and time periods. Ecological validity, an aspect of external validity, refers to whether a study's findings can be generalized to the real world. Another term called transferability relates to external validity and refers to the qualitative research design. Transferability refers to whether results transfer to situations with similar characteristics( (Gans & MD, n.d.). Factors that improve external validity involve inclusion and exclusion criteria, Psychological realism, Replication, Field experiments, Reprocessing or Calibration. Factors that threaten external validity includes situational factors such as time of day, location, noise, researcher characteristics, pre- and post test effect, sample features, selection bias etc.

The essential difference between internal and external validity is that internal validity refers to the structure of a study and its variables while external validity relates to how universal the results are.  There are further differences between the two as well.




Table 1difference of internal and external validity
Basis for comparison
Internal validity
External validity
Meaning
Internal validity is the extent to which the experiment is free from errors and any difference in measurement is due to independent variable and nothing else.
External validity is the extent to which the research results can be inferred to world at large.

Concerned with
Control
Naturalness
What is it ?
It is a measure of accuracy of the experiment
It checks whether the casual relationship discovered in the experiment can be generalized or not.
Identifies
How strong the research methods are?
Can the outcome of the research be applied to the real world
Describes
Degree to which the conclusion is warranted
Degree to which the study is warranted to generalize the result to other context
Used to
Address or eliminate alternative explanation for the result
Generalize the outcome

Reference
https://key differences.com
Difference Between Internal and External Validity (with Comparison Chart)—Key Differences. (n.d.). Retrieved 20 August 2019, from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-internal-and-external-validity.html
Gans, S., & MD. (n.d.). Understanding Internal and External Validity. Retrieved 20 August 2019, from Verywell Mind website: https://www.verywellmind.com/internal-and-external-validity-4584479



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